International Joint venture Essay

Worldwide Joint Ventures (IJVs) are getting progressively mainstream in the business world as they help organizations to shape key partnerships. These key collusions permit organizations to increase upper hand through access to a partner’s assets, including markets, advancements, capital and individuals. Worldwide Joint Ventures are seen as a pragmatic vehicle for information move, for example, innovation move, from global mastery to neighborhood organizations, and such information move can add to the presentation improvement of nearby organizations. Inside IJV’s at least one of the gatherings is found where the tasks of the IJV occur and furthermore include a neighborhood and outside organization. Essential Elements of an IJV Legally binding Agreement. IJVs are built up by express agreements that comprise of at least one understandings including at least two people or associations and that are gone into for a particular business reason. Explicit Limited Purpose and Duration. IJVs are shaped for a particular business objective and can have a restricted life expectancy or be long haul. IJVs are every now and again settled for a restricted term in light of the fact that (a) the reciprocal exercises include a constrained measure of benefits; (b) the corresponding resources have just a restricted assistance life; as well as (c) the correlative creation exercises will be of just restricted viability. Joint Property Interest. Each IJV member contributes property, money, or different resources and hierarchical capital for the quest for a typical and explicit business reason. Along these lines, an IJV isn't only a legally binding relationship, yet rather the commitments are made to a recently framed business undertaking, typically an enterprise, constrained obligation organization, or association. In that capacity, the members procure a joint property enthusiasm for the advantages and topic of the IJV. Explanations behind Forming a Joint Venture There are numerous inspirations that lead to the development of a JV. They include: Hazard Sharing †Risk sharing is a typical motivation to shape a JV, especially, in profoundly capital escalated ventures and in businesses where the significant expenses of item improvement equivalent a high probability of disappointment of a specific item. Economies of Scale †If an industry has high fixed costs, a JV with a bigger organization can give the economies of scale important to contend all around and can be a compelling route by which two organizations can pool assets and accomplish minimum amount. Market Access †For organizations that do not have a fundamental comprehension of clients and the relationship/framework to disperse their items to clients, shaping a JV with the correct accomplice can give moment access to set up, proficient and successful circulation channels and responsive client bases. This is critical to an organization on the grounds that making new dissemination channels and distinguishing new client bases can be very troublesome, tedious and costly exercises. Topographical Constraints †When there is an appealing business opportunity in an outside market, joining forces with a neighborhood organization is alluring to a remote organization in light of the fact that entering a remote market can be troublesome both in light of an absence of involvement with such market and nearby boundaries to outside claimed or remote controlled organizations. Subsidizing Constraints †When an organization is gone up against with high forthcoming advancement costs, finding the privilege JVP can furnish vital financing and validity with outsiders. Advantages A significant number of the advantages related with International Joint Ventures are that they give organizations the chance to acquire new limit and mastery and they permit organizations to go into related business or new geographic markets or get new innovative information. Moreover, International Joint Ventures are by and large have a short life expectancy, permitting organizations to make momentary responsibilities as opposed to long haul duties. Through International Joint Ventures, organizations are offered chances to build net revenues, quicken their income development, produce new items, extend to new local markets, increase money related help, and offer researchers or different experts that have extraordinary abilities that will profit the organizations. Structure Worldwide Joint Ventures are created when two organizations cooperate to meet a particular objective. For instance, Company An and Company B initially start by recognizing and choosing an IJV accomplice. This procedure includes a few stages, for example, statistical surveying, accomplice search, assessing choices, dealings, business valuation, business arranging, and due perseverance. These means are taken on by each organization. There are additionally lawful methodology included, for example, IJV understanding, auxiliary understandings, and administrative endorsements. When this procedure is finished, the IJV Company is framed and during this last method the means taken are arrangement and the executives. The executives There are two kinds of International Joint Ventures: predominant parent and shared administration. Inside predominant parent IJV’s, all tasks are overseen by one parent who settles on all the practical directors for the endeavor. The directorate, which is comprised of officials from each parent, likewise assumes a key job in dealing with the endeavor by settling on all the working and vital choices. A prevailing guardian undertaking is gainful where an International Joint Venture parent is chosen for reasons outside of administrative info. Fund At the point when at least two accomplices get together and structure an International Joint Venture understanding, they should choose at an opportune time with respect to what the money related structure will involve as this will help in the executives and control. A portion of the means incorporate setting up the capital required to begin the IJV, the effect of making sure about a solid key coalition accomplice, and money related announcing. When a course of action is made, an expense arranged joint endeavor will be made which will help in augmenting the after-assessment forms. Elements influencing IJV Monetary Factors Poor arrangement and arranging Issues that emerge in joint endeavors are as a rule because of lack of common sense or the gatherings included being too rushed to even consider setting up shop. For instance, an advertising procedure may fall flat if an item was unseemly for the joint endeavor or if the gatherings included neglected to fittingly asses the components included . Gatherings must focus on a few examination both of nature and clients they want to work in. Inability to do this sets off a terrible tone for the endeavor, making future issues. Surprising poor money related execution Perhaps the quickest ways for a joint endeavor is money related debates between parties. This generally happens when the money related execution is less fortunate than anticipated either because of poor deals, cost invades or others. Poor monetary execution could likewise be because of lack of foresight by the gatherings before setting up a joint endeavor, inability to move toward the market with adequate administration proficiency and unforeseen changes in the market circumstance. A decent answer for this is to assess budgetary circumstances intensive previously and during very advance of the joint endeavor. The executives issues Probably the most concerning issue of joint endeavors is the incapable mixing of administrators who are not used to cooperating of have completely various methods of moving toward issues influencing the association. Many joint endeavors fall to pieces because of misconception over authority systems. For a fruitful joint endeavor, there hosts be understanding and bargain between gatherings, regard and reconciliation of the qualities of the two sides to defeat the more vulnerable focuses and make their collusion more grounded. Improper administration structure In an offer to have equivalent rights in the endeavor, there could be a loner of administrators. Thus, there is a significant lull of dynamic procedures. Day by day operational choices that are best made rapidly for more productivity of the business will in general be eased back down on the grounds that there is presently a ‘committee’ that is set up to ensure the two gatherings bolster each and every choice. This could divert from the master plan prompting serious issues over the long haul. Societies Factors At the point when a joint endeavor is framed, it is artistically an endeavor at mixing at least two societies in the desire for utilizing on the quality of each gathering. Absence of comprehension of the way of life of the individual gatherings represents a colossal issue if not tended to. A typical issue in these multi-social undertakings is that the way of life isn't considered in their underlying development. It is generally expected that the social issues will be tended to later when the new unit has been made. As a rule, bargains are reached and certain social from the gatherings are kept on while others will be others are either out appropriately disposed of or adjusted. Upsides and downsides for IJV The joint endeavor is turning into a well known route for organizations that redistribute their activities to hold a bit of the proprietorship pie. The production of another lawful element during the dispatch of a joint endeavor accompanies a lot of good and bad times. On the in addition to side: Joint endeavors empower organizations to share innovation and integral IP resources for the creation and conveyance of inventive products and ventures. Joint endeavors can be utilized to lessen political grating and improve nearby/national agreeableness of the organization. Joint endeavors may give pro information on neighborhood markets, passage to required channels of dispersion, and access to provisions of crude materials, government agreements and nearby creation offices. In a developing number of nations, joint endeavors with have governments have gotten progressively significant. These might be framed legitimately with State-possessed ventures or coordinated toward national bosses. On the less side: A significant issue is that joint endeavors are extremely hard to incorporate into a worldwide technique that includes considerable cross-

Advertisement Is a Legalised Form of Lying Essay Example for Free

Ad Is a Legalized Form of Lying Essay Need is the mother of development is an oft-cited saying. Be that as it may, presently a-days the opposite of it is all the more evident. In present day business, development is mother of necessityIn this period of apparatus, newthings are delivered ordinary. Market is made for these things through advertisementBusinessmen promote their merchandise in different manners and in this way spread an information on their goodsamong the clients. It is through promotion that individuals start to feel a requirement for even those merchandise of whichthey had never heard. Promotion makes request. it is the foundation of business and Industry. No business can remain in the business world without commercial. An effective representative is one who grabs away cash from even the most stingy and hesitant client. In this way, the business world turns on the rotate of ad. As the world is advancing, so the methods for promotion are likewise expanding. We allknow that enormous banners are glued on the dividers, and handbills are disseminated to propel the offer of merchandise. Dividers are painted and huge billboards are shown on intersections and noticeable spots toserve this reason. In a film lobby, as a matter of first importance we see the promotion slides. A significant piece of thedaily papers is loaded with promotion. Circumstances Vacant, Tender Notice, Educational, Lostand Found, Matrimonial, film commercials, and notices of such a large number of different wares are normal highlights all things considered. Radio and Television additionally are being utilized asmeans of business promotion. A decent notice must have certain characteristics. To start with, it ought to be founded on human-brain science. A thing implied for women, ought to be publicized so that they are attractedtowards it. On the off chance that men are to be clients, at that point it should engage their preferences. Products for differentincome gatherings ought to be promoted, thinking about their buying power. An engine vehicle is a thing for the rich. Its ad should be contact the attitude of the rich. Usha SewingMachine ought to be promoted so that the family man, with standard pay, may feelthe financial points of interest of the speculation of his cash on it. Besides, notices ought to be appealing. This is basic. Individuals look towardsan notice just on the off chance that it is attractive. Great, fascinating pictures are viable structure this perspective. We as a whole think about Sanforised fabric. The commercials to show that nature of the material presentation a man wearing a suit of non-sanforized fabric. He seems interesting and awkward ashis suit has left fit by washing. Another man is demonstrated wearing a suit of Sanforised fabric. How savvy and dynamic he shows up. We quickly discover that Sanforised material is best on the grounds that itdoes not recoil. So a decent ad should be intriguing, appealing and eye-getting. Be that as it may, legitimate sacredness must be kept up and pointless introduction must be dodged. It should likewise befrequently rehashed, in any case individuals disregard the products publicized. try not to get a kick out of the chance to burn through their time on things which don't concern them. So to be successful,advertisement must be brief. Long unmistakable stories or authentications of applause about certain thing donot make great promotion. This is a significant point in publicizing and a decent sponsor mustkeep it as a primary concern. Ads are not worried about the fortunate or unfortunate nature of products. Indeed, even the mostinjurious products are promoted nowadays. Promotions of bothersome medications and meds andindecent writing, so normal. They essentially cheat general society. So we ought to be cautious while buying a promoted article. We should utilize our own brain, rather than indiscriminately following theadvice of the ad. In our nation, the craft of publicizing is in its earliest stages. in dynamic nations, likeAmerica, enormous business concerns have authorities and specialists for this reason. They spend hugeamounts of cash on promotion. However, it isn't so in our nation. Some representatives believe their items to be predominant. They think commercial superfluous. This is bothersome. Toget accomplishment in business each large or independent company concern must make powerful us of craft of publicizing merchandise. To maintain a business without its guide is beyond the realm of imagination in the cutting edge age. â€Å"the promotion for the body-splash, Impulse. The entire thought of a man assimilated in hisdaily routine being abruptly energized out of it by a whiff of Impulse and afterward experiencing a seriesof incautious activities to praise the woman wearing it, is sentimental and charming to most ladies. This joined with the light, tinkling piano backup and delicate center shooting makes theadvertisement an alluring one. At that point we have the paper and magazine promotions, invibrant shading, fascinating designs and clever trademarks. Investigate most restorative advertisementslike Maybelline or Cover young lady, where the page is appealingly sprinkled with the freshest hues themanufacturer has concocted a quite, vivacious young lady trapped in mid-chuckling. Subsequently, commercials today are commonly fascinating because of the visual and audio cues made conceivable yadvanced innovation in the different modes of print, sound and film, and a little imagination,especially when opponent organizations attempt their best to pull in buyers thus attempt to publicize better. It is safe to say that they are pointless? Not really. From numerous points of view ads help to keep the expense of most distributions low with the goal that we can manage the cost of them without any problem. This applies on account of our dailynewspaper â€Å"The Straits Times†, the Sunday â€Å"Asia Magazine†, the mainstream â€Å"Readers Digest† andespecially the distribution we are on the whole acquainted with, our individual school magazines. Theadvertisers pay to promote and this installment finances distributing cost with the goal that we pay less thanwhat we may somehow or another need to pay. Notices additionally help to facilitate our fatigue once in a while. How frequently have individuals been stirred out of an exhausted daze once they see an interestingadvertisement on a bulletin or transport or when sluggishly flicking through a magazine? Also,advertisements either intriguing or something else, particularly of something else, do advance conversationamong companions when they examine them, how a promotion is so senseless, or another is unordinary andimaginative but another is presenting a fascinating and alluring item which may beworth purchasing. This at that point carries us to the last point. Are ads misdirecting? One of their uses is that they educate us regarding what is accessible available, however is this informationwholly obvious? Their primary capacity is to pull in purchasers so normally, just certain insights about an item are featured while others are not given by any stretch of the imagination. We are made to accept that a productis durable, beneficial, multi-reason and bound to give us that bliss we can't findelsewhere. Scent commercials guarantee to bring the other gender falling at one’s feet,dictionary and reference book notices guarantee to give all of us the astuteness and information inthe world, corrective ad for â€Å"Ponderosa Steak Salad Restaurant† guarantees succulent andtender steak and delightful plate of mixed greens. I have eaten there and seen the steak as of extremely low quality,for an exceptionally significant expense, however the serving of mixed greens was everything the ad persuaded. Taking everything into account, I would state that modernAdvertisements are exhausting, except if and oftenmisleading. †

MPA-DP Applying the SIPA Toolkit Abroad COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MPA-DP Applying the SIPA Toolkit Abroad COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog By now, Im sure  youve read a little about the Summer Field Placement  and/or internship requirement for MPA-DP students. So today, Im  sharing  the second post in a guest series by current student Amanda Grossi, MPA-DP 2016, in which she reflects on her summer in Nairobi, Kenya. Summer. For many students, the word means freedom from the grips of classroom lectures and taxing homework problems, a Houdini-like escape from the walls of Columbia’s libraries that seem to ensnare even the cleverest of students. For students in Columbia University’s MPA in Development Practice program, the word signals an explosion of fiery and impassioned development practitioners whose fallout scatters all over the globe, touching those with whom they work and leaving lasting marks as they carry out their summer internships. In doing so, students have the opportunity to unpack the SIPA toolkit from their first year on campus and take inventory of tools they need to acquire during their upcoming second year. This summer, I had the honor of working in Nairobi, Kenya as a Policy Innovation Fellow at the headquarters of the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), which is one of the 15 agricultural research centers that makes up  the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) consortium aimed at achieving a food secure future. In a nutshell, my tasks were to complete a knowledge needs assessment of the outreach partners of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry (FTA), as well as to distill the best practices of fellowship policies of FTA research centers. As I navigated these tasks, I looked into my own toolkit, both given and earned through SIPAâ€"the classes, conversations, skills, technologies and relationships that defined my first year. [Photo courtesy of Amanda Grossi | Amanda Grossi and her supervisor and office-mate in the Capacity Development Unit, Imelda, exploring the Karura Forest just behind the World Agroforestry Center campus during lunch break.] While the components of each student’s toolkit will differ, what I can say about mine is this. It was not the tools per se this summer that I found most valuable, but rather the box. Yes, I used the data analysis skills for dissecting information, the succinct and detailed writing skills SIPA has forced me to refine for compiling my research, and the visual aid tools to which I was exposed for communicating the ideas emerging forthwith. But all of these pale in comparison to the foundation that laid the success of my internship this summer, and that is speaking the language of development and science in conjunction with the ability to critically analyze. In conducting my interviews of the outreach partners for the needs assessmentwhether it was an organization describing payment for ecosystem services, the difficulties of impact evaluations, or the details of carbon sequestration or mitigation strategiesI hardly think I would have truly appreciated and understood the context of these conversations  if I did not understand the buzz words and the  meaning  behind them imparted to me through SIPA’s classes and atmosphere. And so, while the knowledge and skills imparted to me through SIPA are invaluable as they were for many students this summer and will be for students of future summers, internalizing the language of the development landscape and knowing how, when, and why to use the knowledge and skills in our toolboxes are all part of the fabric of SIPA life that has been woven into me as a student and professional in my field. [Photo courtesy of Amanda Grossi | Amanda Grossi explains her research findings regarding the knowledge needs assessment of the outreach partners of the CGIAR program on Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry.]

Enron And Its Impact On Corporate Business Practices

Enron Enron is a company infamous for one of the largest scandals in American corporate history. Over twenty thousand employees and thousands of outside investors had billions of dollars worth of shares in the company that positioned the company to be valuated at about 70 billion dollars with shares trading at about 90 dollars a share in 2001. However, from August to November 2001 Enron s stock value dropped to $0.26, and those who had invested in Enron lost billions of dollars within a couple of months. This record breaking stock drop landed the company on the Exchange Commission and the U.S. Justice Department’s radar resulting in an investigation that revealed the company’s corrupt business practices ultimately shocking the world,†¦show more content†¦Sherron Watkins, a former Enron Vice President who was hailed as an â€Å"internal whistleblower†, said in an interview that Enron’s ambitious goals inflated many egos at the company. The mission statement went through several changes, but in 1995, its mission â€Å"to become the world’s leading energy company† â€Å"indicated a great deal of arrogance† says Watkins. In 2001, Enron’s mission statement was changed â€Å"to become the world’s leading company.† This rise in arrogance came from the company’s leadership, which would ultimately show evidence of fraud. Jeff Skilling was promoted to COO and â€Å"transformed Enron from a sleepy pipeline company to an unregulated financial services company trading in energy futures, paper and pulp products, weather derivatives, airport landing rights and commodities† (Tshaonline.org, 2015) This strategy allowed Enron to go from making $13 billion a year to $100 billion leading to Skillings next promotion as CEO in 2001. However, this growth was in large part due to accounting irregularities. These accounting irregularities were led by Andrew Fastow, the company’s CFO, who took advantage of the deregulation laws for energy companies in the 1990s to favor Enron. Following many deals as a result of the deregulations, Fastow was

The effects of parental bereavement in childhood

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6481 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Childhood Essay Social Work Essay Did you like this example? The aim of this study is to present a general overview of the evidence base in relation to the effects of parental bereavement in childhood. The primary focus is upon research conducted during the past ten years, the available commentary and key theoretical ideas on the topic, notably from Bowlby (1969; 1980), Parkes (1986) and Worden (2003) together with an outline of the contemporary information and guidelines available for those directly involved with this phenomenon, particularly parents and children. An overview of the research suggests that there areconflicting findings, particularly in terms of the nature and extent ofpsychological difficulties, such as depression, that may present inlater life. Two clear messages seem to emerge. Firstly, a significantnumber of studies indicate that further research is needed into theinfluence of variables that potentially mediate, or facilitate, theoutcome for the bereaved child, such as the childs personality traits,family and school factors and other life events. Secondly, thereseems to be a need for more longitudinal studies in this area andstudies which ask similar questions and adopt similar research designand methodology, particularly in the qualitative field, so that usefulcomparisons may be made between different findings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The effects of parental bereavement in childhood | Social Work Dissertation" essay for you Create order Chapter One Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to explore the evidence basein relation to the effects of parental bereavement in childhood. Theresearch and commentary on this topic is useful in terms of social workpractice because it offers much insight into the experiences and needsof children who have lost a parent. Furthermore, the evidence includesmuch background theoretical material regarding issues of attachment,loss, grief and the making and breaking of affectional bonds forchildren, offering useful insights for those working with children inneed. The death of a parent in childhood, by definition, is oftenpremature and unexpected. It is an event commonly understood tointerfere with the normal process of growing up. As the research andcommentary in this field demonstrates, the childs life is shaken fromits very foundations and the confidence the child has developed thusfar in the world around them and within themselves has effectively beendestroyed (Brown, 1999). This review offers a general overview of thecurrent literature relating to parental death in childhood to include arange of research studies undertaken within the last ten years,commentary by theorists and writers on the topic such as Bowlby (1969;1980) and Parkes (1986) underpinning much of the research and aselection of the advice, information and guidelines available onchildhood bereavement and offered to interested parties such asparents, service providers and the children themselves. This review differs from other reviews on the topic. Firstly, itconstitutes the most recent review of its kind, the latest review beingthat undertaken by Dowdney (2000), at least as far as can be determinedgiven the limitations on time available to search for such reviews.Secondly, this review includes an up-to-date indication of thepractical and accessible guidance and information available tointerested parties on child bereavement which is not present in otherreviews, such as that by Dowdney (2000). The choice of research papersto include in the review was determined by the availability of the fulltext of the articles found and the relevance of the subject studied tothis specific topic. Three further considerations were firstly, thatthe research discussed in detail would be contemporaneous, that iswithin a time span of the past ten years although earlier research isreferred to within the review, where this was adjudged to besufficiently influential and relevant to the issue under discussion. The second rationale, felt by the review author to be important, wasthat the research used would be that which was presented in a coherent,understandable and accessible way. Connected to this was the thirdimportant consideration, in that research material was selectedaccording to its validity and standing within the academic community.This was determined by the extent to which the researchers hadexplained their research design, methodology and analysis and whetherthe material had been cited by other well-established investigators inthe field. Decisions about how the review was to be organised, in terms ofgrouping the material, proved to be quite a difficult task due to thewide range of specific research aims and approaches found within thisfield. It must be stressed that the following four chapters representonly one way in which this material could be organised since there aremany issues and themes which tend to cut across all the studies,defying any rigid categorisation. Nevertheless, having considered allthe material, the chapter contents reflect the major themes to emergefrom the available literature from the past ten years. Two appendicesare included at the end of the review which outline the searchingstrategy used and its outcome, and the major themes emerging from thereview. Chapter Two Models of healthy mourning and the developmental perspective The death of a parent, and indeed any other significant figure, isunderstood as a very stressful experience for children. Worden (2003)notes the considerable controversy over some decades concerning theextent to which children are considered capable of mourning. He citesWolfenstein (1966) who suggested that children could not mourn untilthey have achieved full psychological differentiation within a fullyformed identity occurring at the end of adolescence. Others, hesuggests, such as Furman and colleagues (1974) and John Bowlby (1960),cite the age of capacity for mourning as much younger, at 3 years ofage and 6 months respectively (Worden, 2003). Worden himself assertsthat children do mourn and that the issue is rather that we need tofind a model of mourning that is appropriate for children themselves,rather than trying to fit childrens experiences into an adult model. Parkes (1986) and Worden (2003) have emphasised that mourning thedeath of a significant figure is characterised by a series of tasks tobe undertaken by the bereaved person over a period of time that isessentially unique to each individual. These tasks are summarised byBrown (1999) as accepting the reality of the loss, experiencing thepain of grief, adjusting to a new environment and investing in newrelationships (p.1). Brown (1999) points out that there are manyfactors which influence bereavement for children including their age,level of cognitive understanding and the relationship which they hadwith the person who died (p.18). She describes how these factors willimpact upon the childs emotional and behavioural responses to theirloss. John Bowlby, in his studies of attachment, loss and separation andaccompanying anxiety responses in children, asserted that bereavedchildren who had experienced secure relationships prior to the death,were more likely to achieve a healthy resolution to their loss (1969;1980). Furthermore, in his analysis of childrens responses to thedeath of a parent, Bowlby seems to place the responsibility for ahealthy resolution firmly with the significant adults around thechild. He suggests, for example, that the child is likely to behindered in his or her grieving process because the adults themselvesare often unable to bear the pain of mourning perhaps that of theirown mourning, certainly that of their childs, and especially that ofmourning together (Bowlby, 1980, p.272). Bowlby identified three key stages in the achievement of healthyresolution of childhood grief. Firstly, children need to be givenhonest and open information about the death, and to have theirquestions answered. Secondly, they need to be aware of adultsresponses to the loss and to be actively involved in the ritualssurrounding the death. Thirdly, they need a secure, continuedrelationship with a known and trusted adult (Bowlby, 1969; 1980).Bowlbys observations are given prominence here because they haveunderpinned much of the later work on childhood bereavement. Brown(1999), for example, outlines research evidence which emphasises thatthe most effective way to help bereaved children is to work with thefamily. She notes, also, that children adapting to grief need bothcognitive and emotional understanding of what has happened (Brown,1999, p. 18). Worden (2003) echoes this observation, pointing out thata certain level of cognitive development is required to fullyunderstand and integrate t he concept of death. He cites some of themajor cognitive concepts to be mastered as (1) time, includingforever; (2) transformation; (3) irreversibility; (4) causality; and(5) concrete operation (Worden, 2003, p.160). Worden (2003) describes the Harvard Child Bereavement Study whichhe, along with his colleague, Dr. Silverman, conducted in the early1990s with a total of 70 families, including 125 school-age children,over a two-year period following the death of one parent. Thenon-clinical sample of families was drawn from communities of varyingdemography and compared with a matched control group of non-bereavedfamilies. The researchers interviewed the children and survivingparents with the aim of studying the natural course of bereavementfor the children (Worden, 2003, p.160). Worden lists ten of the keyfindings from this survey study, the first of which is that mostbereaved children (80%) were coping well by the first and secondanniversaries (2003, p.160). The differences between the bereavedchildren (20%) who were not coping well and their control counterpartswere greater at two years than at one year, indicating that there was adelayed effect of the loss on these children, as pointed out by Word en(2003). This finding implies that childrens grief is developmental,fitting with the idea that the quality of childrens grief will changeover time, in line with their increasing mastery of the cognitiveconcepts mentioned earlier. The Harvard Child Bereavement research is cited as significant by anumber of commentators. Monroe (2001), for example, suggested thatthis study is probably the most important research study on childrenand bereavement to date (p.76). Monroe describes how children are aptto return to issues concerning bereavement and loss repeatedly overtime, especially at times of transition in their lives, as theirunderstanding develops and their questions change. Other key findingsfrom the research include the importance of active coping, cohesion andgood, open communication about the dead parent within the families.The most powerful predictor of a childs adjustment to the loss ofparent was stated as the functioning level of the surviving parent.Children with a poorly functioning parent showed more anxiety anddepression as well as sleep and health problems (Worden, 2003,p.161). This observation takes us back to Bowlbys assertion that aprime task in helping a child to overcome difficulties in the gri evingprocess is to provide the surviving parent with a supportiverelationship (1980, p.273), and this is a recurrent theme to which wereturn, especially in Chapter Five. A recent study conducted by Hurd (2004) contrasts with the Harvardresearch in many ways. Hurd employs a qualitative, single case-studyapproach in order to investigate the grief work of a 14-year old girlwhom he names Debbie. He describes his use of the interview method,audio-taping and transcribing all interviews into verbatim texts. Themode of data analysis used was the constant comparison method in whicheach interview session was coded for concepts, categories and majorthemes. Hurd describes his role as an engaged but dispassionatelistener committed to faithfully reporting and explicating (Debbies)bereavement experience and its meaning to her (2004, p.342). Datavalidity was established via interviews with Debbies mother andbrother to confirm factual accuracy. This differs from the surveymethod employed by the Harvard study in that it can produce therichness and complexity of individual experience in a way that theformer cannot. However, on the other hand, its limit to a single stud ycannot offer the kind of general overview of experiences within alarger population that the survey method allows. Recent commentators, such as Jacobs (1999) and Stroebe et al(2001), contribute to an ongoing debate that questions the perceptionof grief reaction as a psychiatric disorder, and therefore as somethingthat can be diagnosed and cured, rather than a natural response to theway that the death of a significant other can change a personsworld. Stroebe et al (2001), for example, have stressed the potentialfor healthy mourning during childhood after a parental death. Hurd,also, acknowledges the work of Bowlby (1980), stating that depressionas an outcome of a childhood bereavement experience was no longerconsidered as inevitable (2004, p.341). He also links this shift withan emergent contemporaneous interest in resilience in the lives ofat-risk children in this field, noting that there is, to date, verylittle research evidence on resilience in parentally bereavedchildren. From his single case study, Hurd concluded that Debbie was a stable andhappy 14 year old who had coped well with the loss of a much-lovedfather without having developed depression or other psychologicaldisorder. He notes the environmental factors deemed by Bowlby (1980)to be crucial for healthy mourning, as outlined above, and that thepositive presence of these in his analysis could help to explainDebbies success in coping. Hurd summarises by suggesting that theinternal and external protective factors were in place for Debbie tobecome a resilient adolescent able to experience healthy mourning andto develop her identity relatively unscathed by the psychological andemotional trauma that often accompanies a major loss (2004, p.351).Hurd ultimately calls for more single-case reports and large populationstudies enrich the knowledge base on resilience and suggest newdirections. Chapter Three Anticipated versus sudden parental death Many commentators have made a distinction between anticipated andsudden death in terms of the nature of grief responses. There seem tobe few studies which focus specifically upon childhood bereavement inthis respect, and where they do so they tend to be situated within thecontext of high-profile, public events such as the violence stemmingfrom the troubles in Northern Ireland, the September 11 attack on theWorld Trade Centre in New York and the genocide in Rwanda. Suchstudies, nevertheless, enhance our understanding of the specific impactof traumatic parental death upon children. Christ (2005) highlightshow the sheer numbers of parentally bereaved children following the 11September 2001 attack in New York prompted a range of novel groupinterventions with children and their surviving parents using ritualsand activities. These initiatives were centred upon the reconciliationprocesses of children at different cognitive and emotional levels,especially in the months following the death. Grace (2005) reviews the research into the relationship betweengrief and trauma responses in children. She notes that whilst earlierinvestigators stressed the need for the child to resolve the symptomsof trauma, where present, prior to being able to process bereavementissues successfully, more recent research suggests that the presenceof symptoms of trauma may not interfere with the childs ability togrieve (Christ, 2005, p.101). She cites evidence from her own workwith families of New York fire fighters who died which showed thatsymptoms associated with bereavement and trauma in children were oftenintertwined, suggesting that the two need to be addressedsimultaneously. Donnelly and Connon (2003) presented the findings from the childbereavement project group for the Social Services Trauma Advisory Panelin Belfast. They note that traumatic bereavement varies in nature andintensity as children grow and can also lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Their research alsoidentified a number of children who were able to make use of bothsocial support and their internal resources to achieve understandingand cope with their grief without developing overwhelming symptoms orrequiring external interventions. Whilst acknowledging the usefulnessof resilience theory, emphasising the ability of children to cope wellwithout intervention, and other insights from research studies,Donnelly and Connon maintain that our current understanding oftraumatic bereavement underestimates the negative symptoms suffered bychildren (2003, p.3). They suggest that many researchers have reliedon assessing behaviours that do not accurately reflect the true rangeof childrens reactions (2003, p.3). Donnelly and Connon (2003), similarly to previously citedresearchers, acknowledge Bowlbys assertion of the loss of a parent, orprimary care giver, as one of the most influential events in a childslife, requiring radical adjustment to the childs daily routinealongside the establishment, or reinforcement, of a secure relationshipwith a trusted adult (Bowlby, 1980). They highlight the effects oftrauma on children, initial reactions depending upon the childs levelof exposure to the event, varying from hearing about it second-hand towitnessing, or being personally threatened by, the traumatic eventitself. They point out that the impact of trauma upon children can beso strong that emotions and thoughts about the event can remain vividfor years after the event and the threat have passed. Donnelly andConnon cite research by Terr (1991) which postulates traumaticbereavement as a particularly complicated process whereby the normalmourning rituals and social support which facilitate the resolut ion ofnon-traumatic bereavement are often not enough to overcome distresscaused by traumatic loss(2003, p.5). They go on to stress that iftrauma remains unresolved, or isnt fully understood by children, itinterferes with the normal grief process, engenders secondarydifficulties, and increases the period of distress (Donnelly andConnon, 2003, p.5). Many commentators, such as Brown (1999) and Worden (2003), point outthat bereavement is especially difficult when the death was sudden orviolent. The age of the child is important also; Brown (1999) notesthat where death has happened suddenly, many children will recallevents which immediately preceded the death, examining conversationsand their own relationship with the person in great detail (p.28).Brown records the observations of researchers such as Adams (1992), whopointed out that, for young people, a particularly difficult aspect ofa parents sudden death, often overlooked and misunderstood, is thatdeath and grief involve feelings of helplessness and lack of controlthat are exceptionally difficult to cope with when you are at preciselythe stage in your own life when you need to feel powerful and incontrol (1999, p. 28). Some researchers have addressed childhood bereavement within amedical model, emphasising the pathological features of certain griefresponses. Pfeffer (2000), for example, cites many research studieswhich stress how depressive symptoms seem to be the most consistentadverse outcome in bereaved children. He describes one study of 38children in which one-third of them suffered symptoms of majordepressive disorder within the first two months after parental deathfrom such causes as cancer, cardiopulmonary arrest, stroke or accident,and that these depressive symptoms lasted up to 14 months afterparental death in many cases (Pfeffer, 2000, p1). Pfeffer (2000)differentiates between grief following anticipated deaths, from cancer,for example, and grief following unexpected or violent forms ofparental death. Pfeffers study focused upon child survivors of parental death of twoparticular types, cancer (57 families, 64 children) and suicide (11families, 16 children). Children in both samples completed aself-report questionnaire, the Childrens Depression Inventory,described as an established and valid measure, within 18 months of thedeath. The data from both samples was compared using statisticalanalysis methods. Pfeffers findings indicate that althoughchildrens grief after all forms of parental death is characterised bysymptoms of depression, there are additional reactive symptomsfollowing sudden death, particularly suicide. These include severeanxiety, hyper arousal, and intrusive thoughts within the first yearafter parental death and the formation of childrens traumaticexpectations about the world and a sense of worry about personalintegrity and the security of interpersonal relationships(Pfeffer,2000, p.2). Chapter Four Long-term implications and retrospective studies Several researchers have demonstrated the increased risk ofdeveloping psychological and social difficulties in later life forchildren who have lost a parent through death (Weller et al, 1991;Black and Young, 1995). Some researchers have chosen to explore thelong-term consequences of childhood bereavement through conductingretrospective studies of adults, in contrast to those studies,highlighted in Chapters Two and Three, which primarily focus onchildren. Hurd (1999), for example, sought to discover how adults whohad been parentally bereaved in childhood had incorporated theexperience into their lives. Hurd was interested in the adequacy oftwo well-established, and contrasting, theories for explaining howyoung children cope with the death of a parent, and the implicationsfor their future mental health. Was the Freudian theory thatdepression is an inevitable consequence of the childhood bereavementexperience accurate? Or, did Bowlbys thesis of a more positive outcomefrom potentially he althy mourning fit better? Hurd (1999) used Q methodology, making use of both quantitative andqualitative measures, and including factor analysis, to organise andanalyse the subjective experiences of his 43 respondents. He foundthat 19 of the participants described their experiences of seriousdepressive illness at some time during adolescence or adulthood,another 19 recorded having never been depressed and none of them weredepressed at the time of the interview. Hurd concluded that the viewheld by Freudians of later behaviour and affective disorder was notconfirmed by the study (1999, p.31). In contrast, the data analysisconfirmed Bowlbys prediction that children were more likely to resolvetheir grief in healthy ways during childhood, reducing the potentialfor later depression if they have loving relationships with theirparents, if they experience strong emotional support from the survivingparent after the death occurs and are consulted during decision-makingabout the familys future, and if they experience the support ofextended family and others (Hurd, 1999, p.32). Hurd acknowledged the limitations of the study, such as reliance onself-reports by participants and the absence of validity confirmationregarding their childhood experiences and depression. Indications forfuture research include exploration of the role of siblings in thegrieving processes of children and longitudinal studies to explorefurther significant influences over time. Maier and Lachman (2000) observed that few research studies havebeen conducted into the long-term consequences of childhoodexperiences, including parental death, although, where they exist, theytend to focus upon the relationship between early parental death andspecific types of psychopathology in adulthood. Maier and Lachmansapproach is somewhat different from that of Hurd in that they chose tosurvey a large population sample to investigate a wide range offactors. Their study involved telephone interviews with a largesample, described as a national probability sample, of 4242 adults inthe USA. The respondents, aged between 30 and 60, completed aquestionnaire which was subsequently analysed according to measures ofmental health, depression, physical health, social support and natureof parental loss and separation. The research aim was to chart the consequences of early parental lossand separation for health and well-being in mid-life. One finding wasa stronger effect, in terms of mental and physical health anddepression, of parental divorce than for parental death in mid-life(Maier and Lachmann, 2000, p.188). The researchers conclude, in termsof early parental death, that greater autonomy was indicated for men inmid-life whilst depression was a more significant factor for women.However, they state that it is still unclear how parental divorce anddeath may differentially impact men and women (Maier and Lachmann,2000, p.189) and further research is flagged up for this particulararea. Another survey study was carried out by Mack (2001) of similar sizeto that of Maier and Lachmann (2000), using the self-completed reportsfrom 4,341 respondents for the analysis. Mack was also concerned tocompare adults who had experienced parental divorce with those who hadexperienced parental death prior to the age of 19. Mack is critical ofresearch on one-parent families that often has failed to distinguishbetween the effects of different types of family disruption upon adultwell-being. He points out that such research has typically notrecognised the possibility that events such as parental divorce orparental death are diverse experiences that are likely to affectchildren in very different ways (Mack, 2001, p.419). Mack draws on Bowlbys (1980) assertion that parents play animportant role in determining childrens responses to traumaticevents. He also refers to the social learning theory of Bandura (1971)which emphasises that children learn certain responses to stressthrough observation of parents and other significant carers. As Mack(2001) notes, accordingly, parental reactions to stressful events,such as divorce or death of a spouse, are particularly important indetermining how children develop responses to these same events(p.420). Mack suggests that these two theoretical approaches underpinhis own thesis that different types of childhood family disruption willdetermine qualitatively different outcomes for adult well-being. Thevariables used in Macks study to explore this theme were parent/childrelationship quality, self-confidence, depression and childhood familystructure and survey responses were analysed using statistical methods. Mack (2001) found that adults who had experienced early parentaldeath did not report significantly different parent/child relationshipsfrom those raised in intact families, contrasting with the negativeeffect found for parental divorce on parent/child relationships.Consistent with prior research, Macks study found that when comparedto adults who had been raised in intact families, adults whoexperienced parental death report lower levels of self-confidence andhigher levels of depression (2001, p.438). Whilst acknowledging thatnot all bereaved children and their parents necessarily respond in thesame way, Mack nevertheless makes a useful connection between his twokey background theories and the findings from his study. He observesthat regarding parental death, if permanent separations produceattachment-related feelings of despair and children also observe highlevels of parental guilt and sadness, then we should not be surprisedto find that these individuals have low confidence and symp toms ofdepression as adults (2001, p.438). Chapter Five Service Provision An exploration of the available literature on this topic revealsthat there is no shortage of advice and guidance for parentallybereaved children and their families from a wide range of sources.There are a number of accessible books aimed at children to help themunderstand and manage their feelings regarding loss and bereavement,for example, Michael Rosens Sad Book by Michael Rosen (2004),Remembering Mum by Perkins and Morris (1991) and It Isnt Easy byConnolly (1997). There are also books offering advice and support toparents coping with children in the context of bereavement and loss.For example, a book called Coping with Loss for parents by Elliot(1997) covers themes such as how bereavement, loss and change areconnected, how children think about death according to age, how aparents own grief impacts on his or her child and how to support agrieving child. In similar vein, a book by Wells (2003) covers thebroader perspective of children and loss, addressing the impact ofmajor losses, including parental death, as well as disability,ill-health and family traumas and how these affect children atdifferent ages within the family context. Service provision in the UK for children who have been parentallybereaved has been reviewed and researched in recent years and two ofthe key studies will be outlined here. Dowdney and colleagues (1999)sought to identify whether psychiatric difficulties in parentallybereaved children and surviving parents were related to serviceprovision. Using a representative community sample of 45 bereavedfamilies with children aged between 2 and 16 years from two Londonhealth authorities, they conducted a semi-structured interview witheach family. Information was gathered on the death, familial grievingactivities and adjustment of family members after the death togetherwith details of external bereavement support sought, offered andreceived by the family and children. Standardised checklists werecompleted by the parents to assess emotional and behaviouraldisturbance in the children and, for school-age children, by theteachers. Parental mental health was determined through a generalhealth questionn aire and probable psychiatric disorder wasidentified. Dowdney and colleagues found high levels of psychologicaldisturbance in the children and surviving parents during the 3 to 12month period after the death. Boys presented with greater symptomaticbehaviour than girls, particular through aggression and acting out(Dowdney et, al 1999). In terms of service provision for bereavedchildren, this was unrelated to probable psychiatric disturbance inchildren or parents or to parental desire for support and theresearchers concluded by suggesting that given resource limitations,service provision should be targeted at psychologically disturbedchildren or psychiatrically disturbed patients wanting parentingsupport, or both (Dowdney et al, 1999, p.?). It seems clear that Dowdney et als study, like that of Pfeffer (2000)described in Chapter Three above, adopts a medical model, viewing childand family bereavement responses and behaviour in pathological terms.It is interesting to note that they give no reference to the healthymodels of mourning, or natural processes of grief that have beenacknowledged by other authors, such as those outlined in Chapter Two ofthis review. Their focus is firmly upon those parentally bereavedchildren and families whom they have deemed to have shown psychiatricdisturbance and, therefore, service provision is viewed as necessaryonly within this context. A comprehensive survey of UK service provision for childhoodbereavement was carried out more recently by Rolls and Payne (2004).91 known services received postal questionnaires and from theresponses, 8 organisations were selected to be studied as in-depthcollective case studies. Both quantitative and qualitative researchmethods were used to analyse the data. Whilst services had a sharedobjective to help bereaved children, they were found to be very diversein terms of their location, type of services, service organization,management and funding arrangements, staffing types and levels and, toa lesser extent, types and range of interventions offered (Rolls andPayne, 2004, p.320). It was observed that since bereaved children werenot defined as children in need under the Children Act 1989, servicesaimed specifically for them were struggling financially in the face ofuncertain funding sources. It is also the case, however, that underthe present government initiative the Childrens National ServiceFramework standards are currently being defined to support thedelivery of services concerned with enhancing childrens mental healthand well-being. It is envisaged that childhood bereavement serviceswill respond to meet these. The Childhood Bereavement Network (CBN) is an umbrella federation ofservices, established in 1998, working in a variety of settings withbereaved children, their families and caregivers. Having secured threeyears funding from the Community Fund, the CBN aims to improve accessfor bereaved children, their parents and other caregivers throughoutEngland to a wide range of high quality information, guidance andsupport, including counselling (CBN, 2005). Other publicised resources include the charity Winstons Wish,begun in the mid 1990s, which has published a Charter for bereavedchildren. The Charter promotes respect for the rights of bereavedchildren in a number of areas, including bereavement support, theability to express feelings and thoughts associated with grief, toremember the person who has died, to receive information and educationand to have a voice in important decisions affecting their lives(Winstons Wish, 2003). The National Childrens Bureau, awell-established childrens charity, has also published its Guidelinesfor Best Practice for Bereavement Care for children and runs a websitegiving information about services, new initiatives and researchundertaken. Chapter Six Discussion and Conclusion Several themes and issues are raised by this review of the evidencerelating to the effects of parental bereavement in childhood. Firstly,the work of John Bowlby (1969; 1980) on issues of attachment,affectional bonds, loss and bereavement in childhood has clearly beenhighly influential in the research and commentary on this topic. Therewere references to Bowlbys theories in almost all the research sourcescited. Particularly pertinent, it seems, is Bowlbys notion ofhealthy mourning, that successful mourning in children can lead to ahealthy resolution of their loss and need not lead to psychologicaldisturbance in later life. The research studies of Worden (2003) andHurd (2004), cited in Chapter Two, while making use of contrastingmethodological approaches, illustrate this latter point effectively.Secondly, the developmental nature of childrens understanding ofdeath, and ability to cope with the loss of a parent over time, seemsto have been a key message from Wordens research, marking ou tchildrens bereavement as qualitatively different from that of adults. The theme of healthy mourning versus pathological mourningpermeated many research studies. It seems that there are many morestudies that focus on the detrimental psychological outcomes ofchildhood parental bereavement, both in children and in adults, thanthose which study healthy mourning. Studies of the former, notably,use terms such as psychological disturbance and psychiatricdisorder (Dowdney et al, 1999; 2000) and major depressive disorder(Pfeffer, 2000). Other examples of such research relating tochildhood parental death, found through a search on the internet, butnot described in this review, include phrases such as attachmentstyles and personality disorders (Brennan and Shaver, 1998),psychological symptomatology (Thompson et al, 1998) and earlyparental loss and psychiatric illness(Agid et al, 1999). It was muchharder to find research which sought to explore the normal course ofchildhood parental bereavement, with one or two exceptions. Worden(2003), for example, cited in Chapt er Two, found that 80% of thechildren in his study, who had been parentally bereaved, were copingwell by the end of the first and second year after their loss. Itwould seem, as some commentators have noted, that more work is neededinto children who do well after the death of a parent (Brown, 1999,p.28). Dowdney (2000) observes, from her review of the research literature,that there is continued support for the association between parentalloss, childhood disturbance and later psychiatric disorder,particularly depression, borne out by the findings in this review. Shepoints out that the strongest evidence for this tends to come fromretrospective studies of adults with mental health problems. However,many studies have not found this association, for example, Hurd (1999)and Mack (2001) cited in Chapter Four of this review, challenging thevalidity of this link. Dowdney (2000) points out that someresearchers, such as Tennant et al (1980) and Harris et al (1986), andthe study by Mack (2001) described earlier in this review, argue thatchild bereavement alone is unlikely to be associated with adultpsychopathology, including depression. It seems more likely to be thecase that, as Dowdney concludes, it is the factors associated withbereavement, such as the quality of parental care and the presen ce ofother adverse social and economic sequelae following the bereavement,that influence adult outcome (2000, p.819). The research on differences between anticipated and sudden parentaldeath for the bereaved child appears to be a relatively new field ofenquiry with some interesting findings, as outlined in Chapter Three.One of the key issues to emerge in this area is the debate around thedegree to which symptoms of bereavement and trauma are interconnected,as outlined by Christ (2005) and, therefore, whether interventions tohelp severely affected children need to be focused on thesesimultaneously or separately. Comparisons between the findings of the research studies outlined inthis review seem to be fraught with difficulties, largely becausemethodologies, sampling, research questions and design vary widely,making it hard to compare like with like. There are, unsurprisingly,conflicting conclusions, for example, regarding the manifestation ofdepressive illness later in life as a consequence of childhoodbereavement. There seems little doubt that, as Dowdney (2000)suggests, Commonly, bereaved children present with a wide range ofemotional and behavioural symptoms that constitute a non-specificdisturbance (p.827). A small, but significant percentage of thesechildren are likely to be sufficiently distressed to justify referralto specialist services (Dowdney, 2000; Worden, 2003). A number of theresearchers cited have highlighted the need for longitudinal studies toassess more accurately both the nature of childhood parentalbereavement itself and the extent of psychological vulnerability overtime. The qualitative case study undertaken by Hurd (2004) described inChapter Two is one example of research which can provide a rich,in-depth description of the experiences of one young person who hadbeen parentally bereaved. In the absence of large samples of recentlybereaved children, it seems that the development of rigorousqualitative methodology such as this latter study will be useful toprovide a framework for future empirical studies. Finally, the findings of researchers such as Mack (2001) suggestthat it may not be childhood parental bereavement per se that leads toprolonged or future psychological disturbance but any number ofexternal factors that may accompany this particular phenomenon. AsDowdney (2000) suggests, more research is needed to investigate theinfluence of variables that may mediate, or facilitate, the outcome forthe bereaved child. There may be individual child factors such astemperament or disposition, family and school factors and also the manylife events that may follow parental death (Dowdney, 2000, p.828). Agid, O, Shapira, B, Zislin, J and others (1999) Environment andvulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study ofearly parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder andschizophrenia, Molecular Psychiatry, 4, pp. 163-172 Black, D, Young, B (1995) Bereaved children: risk and preventativeintervention, in Raphael, B, Burrows, G (Eds) Handbook of Studies onPreventative Psychiatry, pp. 225-244, Elsevier, Amsterdam Bowlby, J (1969) Attachment and Loss: Attachment (vol. 1) Basic Books, New York Bowlby, J (1980) Attachment and Loss: Loss, Sadness and Depression (vol. 3) The Hogarth Press, London Brennan, K, Shaver, P (1998) Attachment styles and personalitydisorders: their connections to each other and to parental divorce,parental death and perceptions of parental care-giving, Journal ofPersonality, October 98, 66:5 Brown, E (1999) Loss, Change and Grief, David Fulton Publishers Ltd, London Child Bereavement Network (CBN) (2003), Service Development and BestPractice Guidelines for Bereavement Care for Children (July 2003-June2006), accessed via National Childrens Bureau (NCB) Christ, G (2005) Interventions with bereaved children, in Firth, P,Luff, G, Oliviere, D, Loss, Change and Bereavement in Palliative Care,Chapter 7, pp. 96-115, Open University Press, Maidenhead, Berkshire Connolly, M (1997) It Isnt Easy, Oxford University Press, Oxford Donnelly, P, Connon, G (2003) Traumatic bereavement: the impact onchildren and families, Trauma Advisory Panel of the Eastern Health andSocial Services Board, Belfast, Dowdney, L, Wilson, R, Maughan, B, Allerton, M, Schofield, P, Skuse, D(1999) Psychological disturbance and service provision in parentallybereaved children: prospective case control study, British MedicalJournal, 1999 (319), pp. 354-357 Dowdney, L (2000) Annotation: Childhood Bereavement followingParental Death, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol.41,No.7, pp.819-830 Elliot, P (1997) Coping with Loss: for parents, Piccadilly Press Ltd, London Hurd, R.C (1999) Adults view their childhood bereavement experiences, Death Studies, Vol.23, pp. 17-41 Hurd, R (2004) Teenager revisits her fathers death duringchildhood: a study in resilience and healthy mourning, Adolescence,Vol. 39, No. 154 Jacobs, S.C (1999) Traumatic grief: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, Bruner Mazel, Philadelphia PA Mack, K (2001) Childhood family disruptions and adult well-being:the differential effects of divorce and parental death, Death Studies,25, pp. 419-443 Maier, E, Lachman, M (2000) Consequences of early parental loss andseparation for health and well-being in mid-life, InternationalJournal of Behavioural Development, 24(2), pp. 183-189 Monroe, B (2001) Children and Bereavement, in Death Dying,Workbook 4, Section 10, pp. 76-88, The Open University, Milton Keynes Parkes, C.M (1986) Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (2nd Edition), Penguin, Harmondsworth Perkins, G, Morris, L (1991) Remembering Mum, A C Black, London Pfeffer, C, Karus, D, Siegel, K, Jiang, H (2000) Child Survivors ofparental death from cancer or suicide: Depressive and behaviouraloutcomes, Psycho-Oncology 9: 1-10 Rolls, L, Payne, S (2004) Childhood bereavement services: issues in UK service provision, Mortality, Vol. 9, No.4, pp. 300-328 Rosen, M (2004) Michael Rosens Sad Book, Puffin Books, London Stroebe, M.S, Hansson, R.O, Stroebe, W, Schut, H (Eds) (2001)Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping and Care,American Psychological Association, Washington, DC Thompson, M, Kaslow, N, Kingree, J and others (1998) Psychiatricsymptomatology following parental death in a predominantly minoritysample of children and adolescents, Journal of Clinical ChildPsychology, Vol. 27, No.4, pp. 434-441 Weller, R.A, Weller, E.B, Frist, A, Bowse, B (1991) Depression inrecently bereaved pre-pubertal children, American Journal ofPsychiatry, Vol. 148, pp. 1536-1540 Wells, R (2003) Helping Children Cope with Change and Loss, Sheldon Press, London Winstons Wish (2003), Supporting bereaved children and young people Worden, W.J (2003) Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy, Routledge,London

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Jazz Concert Review free essay sample

The first question I asked myself at the beginning of the quarter was how much do I actually know about jazz? I have always characterized jazz music as a rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My impression on the basis of the jazz has always been portrayed with the African-American race. I think this was build up from the rhythm C]n blues era and meaning according to the dictionary (style of music that was invented by African American musicians in the early part of the twentieth century and has very strong rhythms and often involves improvisation), But LouisArmstrong famous reply was if you had to ask, youll never know. Whatever else he meant, he was at least saying that jazz is noticeable, but not necessarily understandable by words. (do not really know exact cite where I have got this quote) For my concert review, I went to see the performance of Maynard Ferguson and his big band at Jazz Alley on Jan. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Concert Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 12th 2005. I asked some of my friends to Join and they gladly agreed. Since two of my friends were a musician themselves and loved seeing live music whenever possible.They even went ahead and made a reservation. First mime In Jazz Alley, the place was filled with various groups of people eating, drinking, and chatting. Our table was in good position, plus I was able to see the stage very well. We ordered some cocktails and everyone looked relaxed and enjoying their evenings except me. As I was worrying about writing a paper. I started to write the names of the players and the instruments they play; getting ready to take some notes.But since when they started to play, I only wrote the names of the songs; cause my self was already busy enjoying the concert too. Maynard Ferguson, Jazz legend, internationally renowned big band leader and one of he worlds greatest trumpet players with his Big Bop Nouveau Band. He draws upon bebop, straight-ahead jazz, funk, swing, classical and contemporary music to create a fresh sound within the classic big band form. Cite from Jazz Alley web site) Because me being Korean, I personally was little surprised and Impressed by two Korean were members of his big band. A massive piano player, J Young Lee, pretty amazing in all pieces, her extended work on but beautiful was really lovely and the most memorable. Stockton. Powerful drum player, thrilled the audience especially one of my friend, with his solos. He was banging away using all his gear, play in energetic and lively. M. F. ND his band provided a remarkable arrangement of Anti No Sunshine When Shes Gone, as well as some elegant and very Impressive, as Maynard ended a song by playing a soft muted trumpet, while the rest of the band played softer and softer, creating the effect of a fade-out. Really high and loud all night long including my self and my friends, the audience seemed really appreciating his hit medley at the end. It made us to believe that he plays over the top with excellent showmanship. Our waitress was little busy most of hat night but the cocktail was good so it was okay and the lighting was perfect.Oh, one more thing, Jazz Alleys student discount was good deal. BY sorting 57 actually know about Jazz? I have always characterized Jazz music as a rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My impression on the basis of the Jazz has always been portrayed with the African-American race. I think this was build up from the rhythm On blues era and meaning according to the dictionary (style of music that was and has very strong rhythms and often involves improvisation). But Louis Armstrongs famous reply was if you had to ask, youll never know.Whatever else he meant, he was at least saying that Jazz is noticeable, but not necessarily time in Jazz Alley, the place was filled with various groups of people eating, drinking, evenings except me, as I was worrying about writing a paper. I started to write the bebop, straight-ahead Jazz, funk, swing, classical and contemporary music to create a me being Korean, I personally was little surprised and impressed by two Korean were memorable. Stockton, powerful drum player, thrilled the audience especially one of Sunshine.